今天读着Claude LeviStrauss的wiki entry. 其中有一段很棒的对人类学研究的总结。其中引起我注意的是这个问题:
"The critical distinction, then, remained: does a social fact exist because it is functional for the social order or because it is functional for the person? Do uniformities across cultures occur because of organizational needs that must be met everywhere or because of the uniform needs of human personality?"
简单的说,就是社会现实(比如 风俗,法律,道德规范)的存在是为了其中的每个个体还是为了维系社会本身。
与之相关的,是结构主义者和存在主义者对nature of human freedom的辩论:
存在主义者认为:"物体的本质先于存在,一个剪刀或者一瓶矿泉水,被制造出来之前,它们的功能、用途、本质,都是确定的,所以它们的本质先于存在。只有人,是存在先于本质,因为一个人必须通过选择,去‘规划’自己的命运,所以,存在先于本质的另一个说法,其实就是:人是自由的。"(引自《存在主义是一种人道主义》) 同时,本身是左翼分子的萨特认为个人会被洗脑而受制于有强权 (On the other hand, Sartre was also a leftist who was committed to the idea that, for instance, individuals were constrained by the ideologies imposed on them by the powerful.)
相反结构主义者认为:"人是完成社会功能的agency。"就像工蚁。它们可能自以为是自由的,但实际却只是在不可避免完成着与生俱来社会功能。
Subscribe to:
Post Comments (Atom)
No comments:
Post a Comment